D'oh! Top science journal retractions of 2011

Russel A. Daniels / AP

Medical marijuana dispensaries in Los Angeles led to a drop in crime, according to a report by the RAND Corporation. Except they didn't. After flaws in the data were exposed, RAND retracted its finding.

By Christopher Wanjek
LiveScience Bad Medicine columnist

Bad science papers can have lasting effects. Consider the 1998 paper in the journal the Lancet that linked autism to the MMR vaccine for measles, mumps and rubella. That paper was fully retracted in 2010 upon evidence that senior author Andrew Wakefield had manipulated data and breached several proper ethical codes of conduct.

Nevertheless the erroneous paper continues to undermine public confidence in vaccines. After the Lancet article, MMR vaccination rates dipped sharply and haven't fully rebounded. This decline in the MMR vaccine has been tied to a rise in measles cases resulting in permanent injury and death.

Each year hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific articles are retracted. Most involve no blatant malfeasance; the authors themselves often detect errors and retract the paper. Some retractions, however, as documented on the blog Retraction Watch, entail plagiarism, false authorship or cooked data.

No journal is safe from retractions, from the mighty "single-word-title" journals such as Nature, Science and Cell, to the myriad minor, esoteric ones.

Yet as astronomer Carl Sagan once said, "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." Below are five science results retracted in 2011, pulled permanently off the books in part for falling far short of meeting the Sagan standard.

#5: Los Angeles marijuana dispensaries lead to drop in crime.

Keep smoking. The RAND Corporation retracted its own report in October after realizing its sloppy data collection.

Crime data compiled from neighborhoods with these highly contentious medical marijuana dispensaries supposedly revealed slightly lower crime rates. The authors attributed this decline not to marijuana itself but rather the presence of security cameras and guards in and around the dispensaries, having a positive effect on the neighborhood. [ The History of 8 Hallucinogens ]

The L.A. city attorney's office was incensed with the report, having argued the opposite — that the dispensaries breed crime. The city's lawyers soon found critical flaws in RAND's data collection, largely stemming from RAND's reliance on data from CrimeReports.com, which did not include data from the L.A. Police Department. RAND blamed itself for the error, not CrimeReports.com, which had made no claims of having a complete set of data, and, in fact, didn't even know about the study.

#4: Butterfly meets worm, falls in love, and has caterpillars.

The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) published a fantastic claim in 2009 by zoologist Donald Williamson, which was delightfully reported in the science news media. Williamson claimed that ancestors of modern butterflies mistakenly fertilized their eggs with sperm from velvet worms. The result was the necessity for the caterpillar stage of the butterfly life cycle.

The PNAS paper got a few laughs among evolutionary scientists, but it hasn't yet been retracted. Williamson's follow-up 2011 paper in the journal Symbiosis, however, has been retracted.

Researchers Michael Hart and Richard Grosberg at the University of Texas, Austin, systematically refuted all of Williamson's claims in the pages of PNAS by the end of 2009. They based their arguments entirely on well-known concepts of both basic evolution and the genetics of modern worms and butterflies. When Symbiosis published its butterfly-meets-worm article in January 2011, Hart raised questions with the editor. As of November the paper is no longer available.

#3: Treat appendicitis with antibiotics, not surgery.

The Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery published an article in 2009 by Indian researchers titled "Conservative management of acute appendicitis." The gist was that antibiotics might be a safe alternative to an appendectomy, the surgical removal of the appendix.

Well, maybe not. The journal retracted the paper in October. Italian surgeons had raised a red flag with the study in a lengthy letter published in 2010 in the same journal, politely citing a multitude of problems with the study's methodology. The Indian researchers responded a month later with their own two-paragraph letter defending the methodology and calling for a larger study to establish the superiority of antibiotic treatment over surgery.

There's no word whether that larger study is pending, but the journal's editors retracted the original article for reasons of alleged plagiarism, stating that "significant portions of the article were published earlier" by other researchers in 2000 and 1995.

#2: Litter breeds crime and discrimination.

It sounded so reasonable: Graffiti and litter in urban settings can trigger changes in the brain that can lead to crime, hatred and discrimination. Alas, the senior author of this April 2011 paper in Science, Dutch social psychologist Diederik Stapel, might have fabricated much of the data.

The journal Science retracted the paper in November upon realization that Stapel, a media darling whose name frequented the New York Times, may have faked data in at least 30 papers, according to a report from Stapel's university, Tilburg University in the Netherlands. Stapel has since been suspended from Tilburg pending further investigation.

The objective reader must now question other pet theories from Stapel. These include his "findings" that beauty-advertising works because it makes women feel worse about themselves, and that conservative politics leads to hypocrisy.

#1: Chronic fatigue syndrome is caused by a virus.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disorder of unknown origin. Some researchers, in fact, consider this a psychological disorder largely confined to wealthier countries, affecting women more than men.

Then came a study published in Science in October 2009 by researchers from the Whittemore Peterson Institute in Reno, Nevada. The researchers associated CFS with something called xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), which they said they found in blood samples of patients with CFS.

CFS advocates were elated. At last there was proof that their disease was real, they said. Retrovirus experts, on the other hand, were skeptical. Maybe the blood samples were contaminated. It turns out that the paper is likely wrong. No other lab could reproduce the results.

Science issued an "Editorial Expression of Concern" in July after the authors themselves refused to retract their paper. The Science editorial states bluntly that the study purported "to show that … XMRV was present in the blood of 67 percent of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome compared with 3.7 percent of healthy controls. Since then, at least 10 studies conducted by other investigators and published elsewhere have reported a failure to detect XMRV in independent populations of CFS patients."

The authors finally issued a partial retraction in September, removing data now known to be from contaminated samples. Science followed with a full retraction on Dec. 23. Meanwhile, in a disturbing twist, senior author Judy Mikovits was fired from the Whittemore Peterson Institute in September and arrested in California in November over charges for possession of stolen property and unlawful taking of computer data, equipment and supplies. Science is investigating whether the data were manipulated.

Following the history of this paper is enough to make you fatigued.

Christopher Wanjek is the author of the books "Bad Medicine " and " Food At Work." His column, Bad Medicine, appears regularly on LiveScience.

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Discuss this post

Top science "retractions", key word retractions.

This is what makes science so beautiful. The self-correcting mechanism that's foundational within the sciences is why it is single-handedly the most magnificent intellectual aesthetic man has yet to produce. In 100 years, the science of today will be as obsolete as the science of 100 years ago. That little fact will never change.

What does change? Our shared, human experience and progress amongst the tangible spectrum. It's a good time to be alive :)

  • 15 votes
Reply#1 - Tue Dec 27, 2011 4:51 PM EST

I couldn't agree more, but you'll still get a sizable number of folks claiming that since scientists make mistakes, all their findings are suspect. That leaves the door open for picking and choosing only that research which supports your own pre-determined view, and that is the very opposite of what science stands for.

  • 3 votes
#1.1 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 11:16 AM EST

You could only say it is self correcting if evidence has been shown that does correct previous evidence.

The Lo et al. paper that found polytropic MRVs are associated with ME has not been shown to be wrong in any way. There is no evidence of contamination or errors, same as for the other polytropic MRV paper, Lombardi et al.

In fact it is now obvious that every negative paper failed to look for the viruses the other four labs separately identified, instead they looked for a xenotropic virus called XMRV and worse only a synthetic strain of that called VP62.

    #1.2 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 3:16 PM EST
    Reply

    Please disregard this post, this fool doesn't know what he is doing

    • 1 vote
    Reply#2 - Tue Dec 27, 2011 5:17 PM EST

    The correlation between the dispesery's cameras and a drop in crime is not that much of a stretch - when a large portion of "criminals" are in american jails due to petty pot use/distribution, it makes sense that legalizing it would lead to a drop in convictions. (but i get that the report led to some misleading conclusions)

    ..and the authors use of the phrase "keep smoking" to imply flawed logic promotes an unfair stereo-type. responsible smokers aren't the burned out tools you see on TV. there is no correlation between smoking pot and being an idiot.

    try to be impartial "columnist" or change your title to "sensationalist."

      Reply#3 - Tue Dec 27, 2011 6:45 PM EST

      RAND is a large corporate think tank, hardly scientific. Their reports aren't peer reviewed. Notice it was the city of LA's lawyers, not other scientists trying to reproduce the experiment, that caused the fuss. RAND simply caved to political pressure and retracted their article.

        #3.1 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 9:26 AM EST

        How much does anyone want to bet that the "revision/retraction" was paid for. Even as a "think tank" they were an impartial reviewing commitee, which went against the views of those that were in power, then magically it was revealed that the findings were "wrong and miscalculated" Someoneat RAND forgot to add the $ into the equation is what I think.

          #3.2 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 11:20 AM EST
          Reply
          Comment author avatarMeh-716342Expand Comment Comment collapsed by the community

          I made a doody.

            Reply#4 - Tue Dec 27, 2011 7:07 PM EST

            Andrew Wakefield, MD is CORRECT about his claim that there is an intimate connection between what goes on in the bowels and what goes on in the brain. I know because of my extensive experience with thousands of deep plain water enemas since 2004. Maybe the blood supply is directly shared between the bowels and the head/neck/lungs or something. All I know is, every time I do an enema, all my cold symptoms stop completely - the runny nose stops, the persistent cough stops, the throat irritation/itching stops, the sneezing stops, the headaches go away, the phlegm production stops. How's that for strong supporting evidence? All my experience tells me that Andrew Wakefield is really onto something. Please, please do not ignore what he has to say about MMR vaccines and possible neural/brain damage in infants...

              Reply#5 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 1:11 AM EST

              Anectodal evidence does not a compellling case make.

              Did you know that if you wait a bit without having an enema your cold will go away too? Amazing! Doing nothing makes colds go away! In fact, I just recently did this myself. I could market this!

              Does what you eat affect your brain? Yes. Any doctor would say yes. Your blood is shared everywhere in your body, bowels, lungs, and fingertips. But the brain has a special mechanism called the blood-brain barrier which selectively allows only certain kinds of things to get through. In fact, washing out your intestines with water is a really bad idea because it clears out all the nutrients that your gut WAS absorbing to help keep you healthy, including those the brain likes. Your large intestine is really good at cleaning out the stuff it doesn't want all by itself, I promise.

              Wakefield's conclusion from studying a total of seven (7!) young children with IBS was that their vaccines caused their autism. It's complete BS. The sample size was way too small to prove anything conclusively; Wakefield also selected his subjects, rather than studying a random sample from the population. And while many autistic kids do have IBS, there is no evidence either is caused by a vaccinne--kids develop autism who haven't had the MMR vaccine, and most kids who've had the vaccine (in addition to not dying from measles or whooping cough) don't develop autism. Hundreds of studies have refuted his findings, and have found a much stronger connection between autism and genetics and autism and (womb) environmental factors than autism and MMR or autism and IBS. It's a travesty that this disgustingly self-serving paper it was ever published at all. In fact, not only was Wakefield's paper retracted, he also lost his medical license. The guy's. A. QUACK.

              • 1 vote
              #5.1 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 12:06 PM EST

              Unfortunately, Harry, what you have provided is a good reason to investigate, but no good reason to conclude, a connection between plain water enemas and the symptoms of your cold. Since your evidence is specific to you, in particular, it is possible that you are mis-diagnosing yourself as having a cold in the first place, and that you do not, in fact, have a cold. There may be other factors, like changes in environment, diet, medication, and even clothing, that you are including as part of your "enema treatment" that are, in fact, having a greater impact on your percieved symptoms than the enema itself.

              And then, as CJ-2001013 points out, you may just be healing yourself and attributing the healing to the treatment when there is actually no connection whatsoever.

              What I would encourage you to do is to find other scientists to follow, and forget Mr. Wakefield (that's right, I did not call him Dr. Wakefield... I do not feel he deserves the honor). If there are other physicians and scientists who are willing to investigate your reports, that is a good thing. If they actually use science to do the investigation, that is better.

              One bit of advice: please remember that a biased person can get years of training, and end up with a Ph.d. That doesn't erase their biases. The training gives them one mechanism to prove or disprove their ideas. That mechanism is science. They may choose to ignore the principles of science and assert false conclusions. They may choose to assert those conclusions under the cover of science. The fact that someone has a "Dr." in front of their name does not mean that everything they say is gold. Look for 20 people with "Dr." in front of their name, all INDEPENDENTLY confirming the findings, before you start making changes to your life. Everyone is fallable. Some people are liars. Unquestioning faith in one person's words is as bad for science as it was for religion.

                #5.2 - Thu Dec 29, 2011 9:12 AM EST
                Reply

                There is also a strong neural connection of some sort between the brain and the digestive system. Almost all of us know that stress (caused by anxiety, or physical pain) can have adverse effect on functioning of the digestive system. In fact, any stress manifests most dramatically in gastric disorders than in any other function of the body. I would say, the alimentary canal [tension] seems to be the primary indicator of mental stress, and if there were any way to quantify the distress (e.g. stomach acid overproduction and intestinal spasms) in the alimentary canal, it would be the most sensitive instrument in showing a person's stress level quite possibly.

                  Reply#6 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 1:32 AM EST

                  @Baung: What part of "...manipulated data and breached several proper ethical codes of conduct." are you not understanding? If the guy is manipulating data that's because the data he is looking for isn't being found.

                  If he were correct, he wouldn't have to make up false data points. No matter how much you want to believe that doesn't make it correct.

                  • 2 votes
                  Reply#7 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 10:10 AM EST

                  True science is willing to let others have access to data in order to replicate research and confirm or deny results.

                  Notice how the global warming alarmists do not want to release their data?

                  • 3 votes
                  Reply#8 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 11:44 AM EST

                  Oh how I love these right-wing conspiratorial accusations.

                  Dig through Nature's archives sometime. You can find hundreds of papers on global warming - everything from arctic sea-ice measurements to atmospheric-CO2 histories as recorded in tree rings to global temperature measurements and atmospheric modeling. And the data is there. There's warehouses full of it.

                  People seem to think that if research groups aren't mailing out booklets like AT&T does iPhone bills that they haven't "released their data." But if you took ten seconds out of your paranoid day to look for it, you'd discover that it's out there, and it's overwhelming.

                  • 2 votes
                  #8.1 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 12:10 PM EST

                  Oh how I love everyone that has a different opinion declares triumph over a right-wing conspiracy.

                  There has been many retractactions about global warming. Are you a part of a left-wing conspiracy?

                  The globe has cooled and warmed thousands of times before man ever walked this planet. Another right-wing conspiracy I'm sure. We all know right-wing conpiracies preceeded humans by millions of year.

                  The question is, what contribution to global change is man responsible for. There are no facts on this question. Just theories. None have ever been proven or disproven, scientifically.

                  The data is not there. Just suposition. That is all you have.

                  CO2 ranks fourth in green house gases. Where as water ranks #1 and is a bigger contributor to warming then the next 5 gases all added together.

                  You say, CO2 has increased, temprature increased (not substanstiated at all) therefore CO2 is the culprit. That's not science. That's politics.

                  And here is an idea you need to ponder, global cooling is dangerous and global warming is beneficial. Global warming indeed makes more geographical areas suitable for growing. Thereby feeding people. Global cooling, however, makes for less planting and less food.

                  So get off your high horse and do some reading and get your facts straight.

                  You went to public schools didnt you CJ? Read 'My Two Mommies' instead of your science book perhaps?

                  • 2 votes
                  #8.2 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 1:33 PM EST

                  First off, the accusation that there is no data to support global climate change is false. "economykiller" is an idiot. There is no lack of data.

                  The second response, from "I took it differently," starts by essentially agreeing that global climate change is happening. That respondant does not question the data that says that climate change is happening, or that CO2 has increased. He or she questions whether people are responsible or even whether climate change is in fact harmful.

                  Scientific American reported this month that Global Warming may, in fact, reduce the infectiousness of malaria.

                  But that doesn't mean that climate change is not happening. It is happening. The problem for our systems of manufacturing and energy production is, are we causing it?

                  Unfortunately, that same respondant is not willing to consider science either. He or she appears to agree that greenhouse gasses are responsible for climate change. That is a step in the right direction. But then he adds that water may be a bigger contributor to climage change than CO2. By considering the science of systems, and not just high school biology class, "took" may discover that the difference between "primary cause" and "secondary cause" is quite substantial. Increasing water in the atmosphere may increase global climate change, but any water increase would occur as a RESULT of prior climate change, and may in fact, hasten the increase in global temperature. Addressing water is useful, but if you don't address the cause of the original climage change, you cannot get ahead of the problem.

                  If all the Greenhouse gasses that could be causing climate change, scientific inquiry has shown that CO2 is one of the primary causes. There may be other molecules and compounds involved. Given the fact that most of the changes in CO2 come from energy and manufacturing systems that also release the other possible culprits, we should look at those systems as a source, and not just at CO2. CO2 is a useful measure, and a good bell-weather number to use, but it doesn't have to be the only one... as long as we understand that the systems that produce CO2 are also producing other problematic compounds. If we reduce one, we will reduce many possible causes.

                  "took" then asserts that the causes of global climate change may be part of the natural biology and/or geology of the earth. Here, we see, politics rise its head again. This is fairly simple to disprove. Many studies have already done so. In fact, so many scientists have considered and discarded this idea that it is not even considered an accepted theory. None of the impartial scientific community has, through their elected councils, boards, or venues, have promulgated the idea that the current change in climage is natural. This idea is so easy to refute that college-level science classes regularly go through the discussion and reach the obvious conclusion: Our current changes in climate are not natural. A good set of lecture notes, written at the college level, can be found here: (search in bing for "Global warming man or myth")

                  He or she then attempts to suggest that an increase in global temperature would be beneficial. At this point, he descends into politics again. The measurement of benefit is a political act.

                  What we know is that changes in global temperature will have a huge impact on human life, animal life, plant life, and geological processes. We have seen examples already and many more will come. Storms will get bigger, last longer, and cause more damage as cities that were designed for one system of weather find themselves coping with altogether different systems of weather.

                  There is no scientifically developed measurement of the "benefit" of global climate change. There are some politically developed measures, and every one that has been released to the public shows that global climate change will NOT produce positive benefits in the next 100 years. Trillions of dollars will have to be spent to mitigate the effects of climate change (rising sea levels, changes in weather patterns and water flow patterns, changes in crop yeilds, changes in the incidence of specific diseases). A tiny proportion of these changes will reflect positive benefits. The vast majority will be spent attempting to pretend that human life can continue in precisely the way that it had been before the climate changed.

                  Every dollar we spend today reducing greenhouse gasses will likely save a hundred more dollars in the future that would have to be spent mitigating the change causes by the gasses. No rational person would choose to wait unless he or she was convinced by a well orchestrated and well paid group of people who will benefit in the short run... mostly companies that have a lot to lose if we move away from systems of energy and manufacturing that create CO2 pollution. Respondant "took" has been convinced by propoganda. That is unfortunate. If this individual were willing to read actual scientific materials (even "simplified" materials like Scientific American and Popular Science), and turn off the propoganda sources like Fox News, perhaps he could realize how badly he or she has been mislead.

                  • 1 vote
                  #8.3 - Thu Dec 29, 2011 10:05 AM EST
                  Reply

                  WOW, no kidding?!?!?!?! I mean really, they needed a study to tell them this.....?????? This is what everyone has been saying for YEARS!

                    Reply#9 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 1:13 PM EST

                    They used to say the earth was flat for thousands of years.

                    They used to execute people who said otherwise.

                    That's what happens when you mix politics and science.

                      #9.1 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 1:46 PM EST
                      Reply

                      #1 CFS...

                      When I had mono I was also "tested" for CFS and was told I have that, to expect all these symptoms. At that point of mono, which I didn't know I had, I was in 2 full contact ice hockey leagues and 3 deck hockey teams. I missed the play offs for 4 teams by the doc's orders! I was P.O.-ed!

                      I workout daily, unless I'm deathly ill on rare occasion, I've never once had any of the CFS symptoms. I honestly believe it is a crutch disease; something made to give folks that have little drive/ambition a crutch to lean on rather than having them own up to the fact that they have no drive/ambition.

                        Reply#10 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 1:41 PM EST

                        Its not. The real disease is called ME, CFS is only an invention of the 1980s that now hides many diseases including ME, which is neurological.

                        Having reduce the disease to a symptom people like yourself have been incorrectly told by doctors that this is what you have. Doctors don't have the time to read up on the history and science behind ME so they have no idea how easily manipulated they are.

                          #10.1 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 3:20 PM EST
                          Reply

                          Oh no. First someone makes an emotional description (beauty!) to describe their subscription to the fallacious and quasi-religious appeal to the 'invisible hand' of alleged 'self-correcting science', in much the same way Adam Smith believed in the 'Invisible Hand' of economics (look where that belief has got us all!). Science is not a self-correcting system, because that notion implies scientific PRACTICE, KNOWLEDGE AND ENQUIRY is organic, and untouched by human behaviour- which, looking at it rationally, it is not. Natural ('scientific') phenomena may occur independently of scientific practice, knowledge or enquiry. But that is NOT the same thing as scientific, practice, knowledge or enquiry, which is what is denoted by the word 'science' in this context! Carl Sagan made a major error when he claimed science was 'self-correcting'. It was a banal and comforting truism which has placed many 'scientists' in bigger uncritical trances than a mesmerised Mrs Dickens. Secondly, someone comes up with the argument that, because people understand science as a practice is not necessarily self- correcting , they will allow cherry picking! As if that has never happened before in science! The emotional attachment to science as a pure quest is one of the most irrational and unscientific attitudes there is, and makes a mockery, ironically, of the practice of science.

                            Reply#11 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 3:12 PM EST

                            Does the author not understand how science works, or is this part of a mythical conspiracy to discredit science in the eyes of the public?

                            The whole POINT of science is it's a method that catches human error, wishful thinking and fraud. The majority of scientific papers claiming new discoveries don't pan out, and that's the way it's supposed to be. It's independent confirmation that makes science different from (and more reliable than) reading entrails.

                            How about next time you do an article on the top failed religious predictions of the year? Harold Camping hasn't retracted anything that I've seen, so where's his well-deserved public humiliation?

                            • 1 vote
                            Reply#12 - Wed Dec 28, 2011 5:03 PM EST

                            I AM LIVING PROOF: CFS --> AIDS

                            I have Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFS/CFIDS/ME) and HIV-NEGATIVE AIDS, idiopathic CD lymphocytopenia. With these two clinical diagnoses, I believe that makes me living proof that the AIDS-like CFS/ME is transmissible, something that the medical establishment seems unable to admit or to acknowledge. I also believe it makes me living proof that CFS and HIV-NEGATIVE AIDS are basically the same mysterious immune disorder...{more}

                            www.cfsstraighttalk.blogspot.com

                              Reply#13 - Tue Jan 3, 2012 9:36 PM EST
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